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Sunday, 25 September 2022
What is RDBMS or terms of Database? (Relational Database Management System)
RDBMS Stands for "Relational Database Management System." An RDBMS is a DBMS designed specifically for relational databases.
A relational database refers to a database that stores data in a structured format, using rows and columns. This makes it easy to locate and access specific values within the database.
A relational database has following major components (terms):-
1. Relation or Table
2. Record or Tuple
3. Field or Column name or Attribute
4. Domain
5. Keys
1. Relation (Table):- All data and relationships are represented in a two dimensional table called a relation. A relation consists of number of records or row-wise information and column-wise information. For example, the following table “STUDENT” stores the information of students in database.
2. Record or Tuple:- Each row of a table is known as record. It is also known as tuple.
3.Field or Column name or Attribute:- An attribute is a named column of a relation. A relation is represented as a two-dimensional table in which the rows of the table correspond to individual records and the table columns correspond to attributes.
4.Domain: A domain is the set of allowed values for one or more attributes. A domain defines the kind of data represented by an attribute.
5. Key :- Key plays an important role in relational database; it is used for identifying unique rows from table. It also establishes relationship among tables.
What is DBMS (Database Management system)?
DBMS stands for Database Management System.
Database is a collection of data and Management System is a set of programs to store and retrieve those data.
DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store & access those data in an easy and effective manner. The data stores in database in two different ways.
They are:-
1. Flat file database
2. Relational database
A flat file database stores data in a single table structure. A relational database uses multiple table structures, cross-referencing records between tables.
What is Database and advantages of Database?
A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. For example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information stored in the table. The some common advantages of database are:-
1. Ability to store large amounts of information:-
This ability is essential for large companies with a large number of customers and this volume of information must be handled very precisely.
2. Sharing information:-
Databases allow users to share common information. Therefore, if you have a business with different company locations you can share your data at same time with the different business locations.
3. Having quick access to information:-
The information is obtained quickly and easily, which greatly facilitates the work and allows you having better customer service.
4. Easy maintenance:-
As the information is digitized it is easier and economical to carry out any maintenance.
5. Information Security:-
A database can have several parts depending on users. You can limit certain access to certain parts of the data for certain users. That way the security and confidentiality of data will be guaranteed and secured.
What is Data and Information?
Data is the raw material that can be processed by any computing machine. When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are called information.
Information provides context for data. Data is a individual unit which contains raw material and doesn't carry any meaning. Information is the product and group of data which collectively carry a logical meaning.
What is Macro and how to Create (record) a Macro and run a Macro in Excel?
A macro is an action or a set of actions that we can run as many times as we want. When we create a macro, we are recording our mouse clicks and keystrokes. If we have tasks in Microsoft Excel that we do repeatedly, we can record a macro to automate those tasks.
To Record a macro in MS Excel, do the following:-
1. Open the spreadsheet.
2. Go to the “View” tab of the ribbon and click the tiny arrow below the “Macros” button under the Macros group.
3. Then click “Record Macro"
4. Type in the name of your macro and click “OK” to start the recording. The macro will be created.
5. When you’re done, go to the “View” tab, click the tiny arrow below the “Record Macro” button again and select “Stop recording”.
To Run a Macro in MS Excel
Once created, we need to run the macro. A list of macros can be accessed from the View tab. To view this list, do the following:-
1. Select the View tab
2. Click the button labelled Macros to bring up the Macro list
3. Select the macro you want to run from the list, then click the Run button. You can also show the Macro List at any time by pressing ALT+F8.
What is Hyperlink and write the Procedure to create Hyperlink in MS-excel with Example.
A hyperlink is text or an image within a file on your computer that you can click on that gives access to another document or image. Words on a website that are underlined and highlighted in blue and that you can click on in order to open a new web page are an example of a hyperlink.
We can use hyperlinks in spreadsheet too for the following:-
1. Hyperlinks to websites
2. Hyperlinks to an existing document
3. Hyperlink to a new document
1. Creating a Hyperlinks to websites:- we can create hyperlinks to websites for additional references, important email address etc.
To create a hyperlink to a website, do the following steps:-
1. Open a new worksheet in spreadsheet software.
2. Place the cursor where we want the hyperlink to be displayed. Eg Cell A1
3. Type the URL. Eg:- www.ecomputerconcepts.com
4. The hyperlink automatically created and displayed.
We can also modify and replace the hyperlink text.
2. Creating a hyperlink to an existing document (this sheet):- we can create hyperlink to documents available on the computer or another computer in our network. To create a hyperlink to a document, do the following steps:-
1. Open a new blank worksheet.
2. Place the cursor where we want the hyperlink to be displayed. Eg Cell A1
3. Select the Insert Menu.
4. Select the hyperlink option under insert menu.
5. Select document option in the left pane under the hyperlink dialog box.
6 click the folder icon, browse and select file and click open button.
7 click apply and close button. Notice the hyperlink is created now click this link open this document.
3. Creating a hyperlink to a new document (external data):- This is useful when we want to create the document after the hyperlink. To create a hyperlink to a new document, do the following steps:-
1. Open a new blank worksheet.
2. Place the cursor where we want the hyperlink to be displayed. Eg Cell A1
3. Select the Insert Menu.
4. Select the hyperlink option under insert menu.
5. Select New Document option in the left pane under the hyperlink dialog box.
6. If we create a presentation and also embed a link to the presentation.
7. Click the apply and close button. Notice the presentation is created and launched a new window for further editing.
What is Scenario and how to use Scenario in MS Excel?
A Scenario is a set of values that Excel saves and can substitute automatically in cells on a worksheet. You can create and save different groups of values on a worksheet and then switch to any of these new scenarios to view different results.
To use Scenario in MS Excel, do the following:-
1. On the Data tab, in the Forecast group, click What-If Analysis.
2. Click Scenario Manager. The Scenario Manager Dialog box appears.
3. Add a scenario by clicking on Add button. The add scenario dialog box appears.
4. Type a name of scenario and select Changing cells (A4 :A8) and click on OK.
5. Enter the corresponding value and click on OK again. Finally, your Scenario Manager should be consistent in scenario dialog box.
6. If we see the result of a scenario, select the scenario and click on the Show button. Excel will change the value of cell A4: A8) accordingly for you to see the corresponding result on the sheet.
What is Goal Seek Option and how to use Goal Seek option in MS Excel?
Goal Seek is a process of calculating a value by performing what-if analysis on a given set of values. For our purposes, Excel's Goal Seek feature lets you adjust a value used in a formula to achieve a specific goal. Or, put another way, Goal Seek determines input values needed to achieve a specific goal.
Use Goal Seek in MS Excel, do the following:-
1. Open the blank spreadsheet and enter some data and calculate the result.
2. Put the cursor on the cell that contains the output you want to change.
3. On the Data ribbon, select What-if-analysis, then select Goal Seek.
4. When the dialog box appears make “Set cell” eg. (A10)
5. Set “To value” equal to the output you want to achieve (type the number in)
6. Set “By changing cell” equal to the assumption you want to solve for eg. cell E4
7. Press OK.
What is Subtotals Function and How to Creating Subtotals in MS Excel?
The Microsoft Excel SUBTOTAL function returns the subtotal of the numbers in a column in a list or database. The SUBTOTAL function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a Math/Trig Function.
It can be used as a worksheet function in Excel. The Subtotal command allows you to automatically create groups and use common functions like SUM, COUNT, and AVERAGE to help summarize your data.
To create a subtotal, do the following:-
1. First, sort your worksheet by the data you want to subtotal.
2. Select the Data tab, then click the Subtotal command.
3. The Subtotal dialog box will appear.
4. Click the drop-down arrow for the Use function: field to select the function you want to use. Eg. Sum, count etc.
5. When we're satisfied with your selections, click OK. When we create subtotals, our worksheet it is divided into different levels.
What is data Consolidation and how to Consolidating Data in MS Excel?
Data Consolidation allows you to gather together your data from separate worksheets into a master worksheet. In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes data from a series of worksheets or workbooks and summaries it into a single worksheet that we can update easily.
To Use Consolidate function, do the following:-
1. Open all workbooks or sheets we want to consolidate. Ensure the data is organized in the same way
2. Open a blank workbook. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click Consolidate
3. Choose the Sum function to sum the data.
4. Click in the Reference box, select the range eg A1:E4 in the first workbook, and click Add.
5. Repeat step 4 for the next workbooks.
6. Check Top row, Left column and Create links to source data.
7. Click OK. This adds the consolidated data to the blank spreadsheet or workbook.
What is Formula and how to enter formula in MS Excel?
A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. MS Excel to recognize a formula, it must start with the equal sign (=).
To enter a formula, do the following:-
1. Select a cell.
2. Type the equal sign =.
Note: Formulas in Excel always begin with the equal sign.
3. Select a cell or type its address in the selected cell.
4. Enter an operator. Eg (+,-,/,* etc).
5. Select the next cell, or type its address in the selected cell.
6. Press Enter.
What is Password Protection and how to use it MS Excel?
To prevent others from accessing data in your Excel files, protect your Excel file with a password. It allows only those with an authorized password to gain access to certain information.
To Use password protection, do the following:-
1. Select File Menu and select option Info.
2. Select the Protect Workbook box and choose Encrypt with Password.
3. Enter a password in the Password box, and then select OK.
4. Confirm the password in the Reenter Password box, and then select OK.
How to Sorting and Filtering data in MS Excel?
1. Sorting Data:-
Sorting data in MS Excel rearranges the rows based on the contents of a particular column. We may want to sort a table to put names in alphabetical order. Or, maybe we want to sort data by Amount from smallest to largest or largest to smallest. Select the Column by which you want to sort data.
1. Select a cell in the column we want to sort (a column with numbers).
2. Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab.
3. Select From Smallest to Largest. Now the information is organized from the smallest to largest amount.
2. Filtering Data:-
Filtering is a quick and efficient method where we display only that data that meets a given criteria. Ms excel uses two types of filtering methods, that is, Auto filter and Advanced filter.
1. Select the Data tab, then click the Filter command. A drop-down arrow will appear in the header cell for each column.
2. Click the drop-down arrow for the column you want to filter.
3. The Filter menu will appear.
4. When you're done, click OK.
5. The worksheet will be filtered according to your search term.
What are the applications of Spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Today, Microsoft Excel is the most popular and widely used spreadsheet program, but there are also many alternatives. The various application used to create a spreadsheet.
1. Google Sheets - (online and free).
2. Libre Office
3. Lotus 1-2-3
4. Microsoft Excel.
5. OpenOffice
Explain the basic Microsoft Excel terminology.
Workbook — A workbook is the name given to an Excel file and contains one or more worksheets. Although you're limited to 255 sheets in a new workbook, Excel doesn't limit how many worksheets you can add after you've created a workbook.
• Worksheet — A Worksheet is a collection of cells organized in rows and columns. A worksheet or sheet is a single page in a file created with an electronic spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets.
• Cell — A cell is a rectangle or block housed in a worksheet. Any data that you want to enter into your worksheet must be placed in a cell. An Active Cell is one that is currently opened for editing.
• Columns and Rows — Columns and Rows refer to how your cells are aligned. Columns are aligned vertically while rows are aligned horizontally.
• Ribbon — Above the workbook is a section of command tabs called the Ribbon. A multitude of options are found behind each tab of the ribbon
• Cell Reference — A cell reference is a set of coordinates that identifies a specific cell. It's a combination of letters and numbers. A5, for example, would point to the cell located where column A and row 5 intersect.
• Cell Range — A Cell range is a collection of cells that have been identified as a group based on a variety of criteria. By using a colon (:) between cell references. for example, A1:C1.
• Formula — A sequence inside a cell that is used to produce a value. It must begin with an equal (=) sign. This could be a mathematical equation, cell references, functions or operator. A formula is also known as an expression.
• Formula Bar — The Formula Bar will display the contents of an active cell. In the case of formulas, the formula bar will display all components of the formula. Function — Functions are formulas that are pre-built into Excel. They are designed to help simplify potentially complex formulas in a worksheet.
What is spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made of rows and columns that help sort data, arrange data easily, and calculate numerical data. The three most common general uses for spreadsheet software are to create budgets, produce graphs and charts, and for storing and sorting data. Microsoft Excel, a program in which you enter data into columns, is an example of a spreadsheet program.
What is table of contents and how to create a table of contents in Microsoft Word?
The table of contents is an organized listing of your document's chapters, sections and, often, figures, clearly labelled by page number. Readers should be able to look at your table of contents page and understand immediately how your paper is organized, enabling them to skip to any relevant section or sub-section.
To create a table of contents in Microsoft Word, do the following:-
1. Apply the built-in Heading styles to the headings in your text.
2. In Word word click the Reference Tab.
3. Click on the Table of Contents Tab drop down arrow under the table of contents group.
4. Select any built in table of contents. This will automatically apply in our documents.
Explain the procedure to open or use the Pre-defined templates in word processing.
The templates stores the information about your margins, styles, etc. so provides consistency across documents.
To open or use one of the Predefined templates in Word, do the following:-
1. Open Microsoft Word and select New.
2. The New option shows use the Suggested Search templates categories: Business, Personal, Industry, Design Sets, Events, Education, or Letters. For Example select the business template.
3. Word displays a message that says, “Searching thousands of online templates.”
4. Scroll down the page or choose a different category, then select a template that fits your current project.
What is Templates and how to create a template in your document?
The term template, when used in the context of word processing software, refers to a sample "fill-in-the-blank" document that can be completed either by hand or through an automated iterative process, such as a with a wizard.
A template is a file that serves as a starting point for a new document. When you open a template, it is pre-formatted in some way. For example, you might use template in Microsoft Word that is formatted as a business letter.
Create a template based on an existing template or document
1. Click the File tab, and then click New.
2. Under Available templates, click New from existing.
3. Click a template or a document that is similar to the one that you want to create, and then click Create New. Now we can make our templates flexible by adding and configuring content controls, such as rich text controls, pictures, drop-down lists, or date pickers. In Microsoft Word, you can create a template by saving a document as a .dotx file, .dot file, or a .dotm file.
How to Grouping and Ungrouping drawing objects?
You can group shapes, pictures, or other objects (but not text boxes). Grouping lets you rotate, flip, move, or resize all shapes or objects at the same time as though they were a single shape or object. You can also change the attributes of all of the shapes in a group at one time, such as adding a shape fill or effect, or an effect to a picture. You can ungroup a group of shapes at any time and then regroup them later.
To group objects, do the following:-
1. Hold the Shift (or Ctrl) key and click the objects you want to group. Selecting multiple objects.
2. From the Format tab, click the Group command and select Group. Grouping objects.
3. The selected objects will now be grouped.
To Ungroup objects, do the following:-
1. Select the group that you want to ungroup.
2. To ungroup pictures, on the Picture Tools Format tab, click Group > Ungroup
3. The selected objects will now be Ungrouped.
Saturday, 24 September 2022
How to Modify, resize, crop and delete an images?
1. Modify (Format) a picture or drawing object:-
To Modify the images in word processing, do the following:-
1. Select the picture or drawing object you want to edit.
2. Click the editing option you would like to use on the Picture toolbar or the Drawing toolbar.
3. On the Format menu, click Picture or AutoShape. Then, enter your settings in the dialog box.
2. Resizing an image:- The inserted image might not fit perfectly into the document if it is too big or too small. In these cases you can resize the image.
1. Click the picture, if necessary, to show the green resizing handles.
2. Position the pointer over one of the green resizing handles. The pointer changes shape giving a graphical representation of the direction of the resizing.
3. Click and drag to resize the picture.
4. Release the mouse button when satisfied with the new size. The corner handles resize both the width and the height of the graphic object simultaneously.
3.To crop an image:- The Crop tool allows you to select an area of an image and discard everything outside this area. To crop an image, do the following:-
1. Select the Crop tool in the Tools panel. A crop border appears.
2. Drag any edge or corner to adjust the size and shape of the crop border.
3. Drag inside the crop border to position the image inside the crop border.
4. Drag outside a corner of the crop border to rotate or straighten.
5. Click the check mark in the options bar or press Enter (Windows) or Return (macOS) to complete the crop.
4. Deleting a picture:- To delete a picture, do the following:-
1. Click on the picture, if necessary, to show the green resizing handles.
2. Press Delete
What is images or Picture and write the procedure to insert an image to document?
A picture, also called an image, is a group of colored points on a flat surface that looks the same as something else. For example, a picture can look the same as an object or a person. Pictures can also be drawings, paintings or photographs. People who make such pictures are called artists, photographers or painters.
To insert a picture from a file, do the following:
1. Place your insertion point where you want the image to appear.
2. Select the Insert tab.
3. Click the Picture command in the Illustrations group. The Insert Picture dialog box appears.
4. Select the desired image file, then click Insert to add it to your document.
How to apply Styles in your documents. (Using Fill Format mode)
The sixth icon at the top of the Styles and Formatting window activates the Fill Format mode. This method is useful for formatting many scattered paragraphs, words, or other items with the same style, and it may be easier to use than making multiple selections first and then applying a style to all of them.
1) Open the Styles and Formatting window (Figure 1) and select a style.
2) Click the Fill Format Mode icon.
3) To apply a paragraph, page, or frame style, hover the mouse over the paragraph, page, or frame and click. To apply a character style, hold down the mouse button while selecting the characters. Clicking on a word applies the character style for that word.
4) To quit the Fill Format mode, click the icon again or press the Esc key.
5) Applying styles.
6) Styles can be applied easily by means of the Styles and Formatting window. However, alternative ways exist to apply certain styles.
What is Styles and Formatting window?
Styles are available through a floating or dock able window called Styles and Formatting. This window is at the center of styles management.
To open the Styles and Formatting window, do any one of the following:
• Click on the style and formatting icon located at the left-hand end of the Formatting toolbar.
• Select Format Menu and select the option Styles and Formatting.
• Press F11.
You can move the Styles and Formatting window to a convenient position on the screen or dock it to an edge.
Explain the Font size, Style and face in word processing.
Font size:- The term “font” refers to the general shape of a character. Font sizes are measured in points; 1 point (abbreviated pt) is equal to 1/72 of an inch. The point size refers to the height of a character.
Font Style:- The most common font styles are Regular, Italic, Bold, and BoldItalic. This is not the limit, however, and not every font will include these four.
Font Face:- Microsoft Word comes with the default font face set to Calibri, a Microsoft specific font face. Changing the default to a more common font face, Arial for example, will ensure that your document displays properly for everyone who views it.
What is password protection and how to set password in your document?
Password protection is a security process that protects information accessible via computers that needs to be protected from certain users. Password protection allows only those with an authorized password to gain access to certain information.
What is word Wrap and how to use word wrap in your documents?
Word wrap is a word processing feature that forces all text to be confined within defined margins. When a line of text is filled, the word processor automatically moves the text to the next line, so the user doesn't have to press the return key after every line.
The various word wrap options include:- 1. Square 2. Tight 3. Through 4. Top and Buttom 5. Behind text 6. In fornt of text 7. Inline with text
To Use word wrap option, do the following:- 1. Select the image you want to wrap text around. The Format tab will appear on the right side of the Ribbon. ... 2. On the Format tab, click the Wrap Text command in the Arrange group. ... 3. Over the mouse on various text-wrapping options. 4. The text will wrap around the image.
Explain the types of Word Processing Packages.
A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it. The various Word processing packages are:-
1. Microsoft Word:- Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a Graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.
2.Microsoft Works:- Microsoft Works includes a spreadsheet program, a calendar and a database. Documents created in the Works word processor can open and be edited in Microsoft Word.
3.OpenOffice:- The OpenOffice suite includes a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program, database and graphics editor. 4.Corel WordPerfect:- WordPerfect suite contains several software programs essential for business and home users. The suite comes with the WordPerfect word processor, spreadsheet program, Corel Presentations and WordPerfect Mail.
What is Libreoffice?
Libre Office is a free and open-source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation. The Libre Office suite consists of programs for word processing, creating and editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working with databases, and composing mathematical formulas. Tens of millions of people around the world use Libre Office every day, in homes, businesses, charities and government departments.
Friday, 23 September 2022
How to Protecting your Data in Computer?
To protect our data from theft and viruses we can take the following actions:-
(a) Use passwords to login to your computer
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall
(c) Encrypt Data
(d) Secure sites
What is Threats of Computer?
Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer without our knowing.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware.
These maybe of two types:
(a) Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.
(b) Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity. Using this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or perform illegal activity.
(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or steal the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and Trojan horse.
What is Computer Security and Privacy?
Computer security and privacy deals with the measures used to prevent loss of data. Security break is leakage of information stored in a computer.
Personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet. For example, we share our account details and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorized access to our computer. This can happen in the
Office, if we leave are computer without logging out.
What is the importance of Backup Your Data?
Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another device, such as CD/DVD drives or hard disk. Data can recovered from here in case the computer stops working completely.
Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and natural disasters, such as floods can happen. So, it is important for companies, hospitals, banks, etc., to keep their information safe — so that their business can continue to function smoothly and their customers do not face problems.
What is Folder?
Folder is a location where a group of files can be stored. For example, we can create a folder where all the files for all the other documents can be stored.
To create a folder, do the following steps:-
(a) Choose a location where the folder has to be created for example ‘Desktop’.
(b) Right-click and then choose the ‘New Folder’.
(c) Type the name of the folder as ‘Demo’.
What is File?
All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different types of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file type. The file name and file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’.
File Extensions:-
Paint = .bmp (bitmap images)
Notepad = .txt (text file)
Wordpad = .rtf (rich text file)
MS-Word = .doc or .docx (document)
Ms-Excel = .xls or .xlsx (spreadsheet)
Ms-Pawerpoint = .ppt or .pptx (presentation)
Ms-Database= .mdb or .db (database)
How to start and shut down a computer?
To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating system and display the desktop or the main screen on the monitor.
You can shut down the computer by clicking Systems button at the top right and then click Shut Down. When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the applications and turn off the computer.
What is Hardware and Software?
A computer system consists of two main parts—
1 hardware
2 software.
The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery of a computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
There is another important part i.e., the software. Though we cannot see it, it makes the hardware work the way we want.
