What is Computer?

Computer is an electronic device that is used for information processing. It accept data (input), process that data, produce output, and store (storage) the results. 

The term computer is derived from the Latin term 'compute', this means to calculate or manipulate.

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कंप्यूटर एक Electronic Machine है जिसका मुख्य काम User के द्वारा दिए गए निर्देशों का पालन करना और उसके अनुसार Process करके Result को User के सामने Output के रूप में दिखाना होता है ।

Computer का Full Form “Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used For Technical and Educational Research” होता  है।

Computer के नाम का आविष्कार Latin शब्द के “Computer” और अंग्रेजी के “Compute” शब्द से हुई है जिसका हिन्दी अर्थ होता है “गणना करना” ।

कंप्यूटर के Full Form से जुड़े और कई Full Forms जानने के लिए यह पोस्ट पढ़ सकतें हैं – Computer के Full Forms .

Computer मुख्य रूप से तीन चरणों मे कार्य करता हैं –

पहला है Input – Input वह प्रकिया है जिसमे कि हम Computer को करने के लिए Command देते है।

दूसरा चरण है Process – इस चरण के दौरान Computer हमारे द्वारा दिए गए आदेश को Process करता है।

तीसरा चरण है Output –  इस चरण में जो भी आपने Computer को आदेश दिया होगा और जो Computer के द्वारा Process किया गया होगा वह Display यानी Monitor में आपको दिखाई देगा।

कंप्यूटर का अर्थ – Meaning of Computer in Hindi

कंप्यूटर का हिंदी में अथ होता है – गणना करने वाला यंत्र जिसके द्वारा गणित के Questions को Solve किया जाता है लेकिन आज कंप्यूटर केवल गणना करने तक ही सीमित नही रह गए है।

आज के समय मे आप Computer पर बहुत तरह के काम कर सकते है। Computers ने Digital World में क्रांति ला दी है और यह Multitasking के साथ साथ High Performing भी होते है।

आज के समय मे अधिकतर काम इसी पर हो रहे है और हो सकता है कि आने वाले समय मे यह Paper पर होने वाले सभी कामों को Replace कर दे ।

कंप्यूटर की परिभाषा – Definition of Computer in Hindi

किसी भी बड़ी संख्या की Calculation करने के लिए जब हम किसी Machine का उपयोग करते है उसे Computer कहा जाता है जैसे कि Calculator भी एक तरह का Computer ही है जिसे केवल Calculations को Solve करने के लिए Design किया गया है।

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What is RDBMS or terms of Database? (Relational Database Management System)

RDBMS Stands for "Relational Database Management System." An RDBMS is a DBMS designed specifically for relational databases.

A relational database refers to a database that stores data in a structured format, using rows and columns. This makes it easy to locate and access specific values within the database. 

A relational database has following major components (terms):- 

1. Relation or Table 

2. Record or Tuple 

3. Field or Column name or Attribute 

4. Domain 

5. Keys 

1. Relation (Table):- All data and relationships are represented in a two dimensional table called a relation. A relation consists of number of records or row-wise information and column-wise information. For example, the following table “STUDENT” stores the information of students in database.

 2. Record or Tuple:- Each row of a table is known as record. It is also known as tuple. 

3.Field or Column name or Attribute:- An attribute is a named column of a relation. A relation is represented as a two-dimensional table in which the rows of the table correspond to individual records and the table columns correspond to attributes. 

4.Domain: A domain is the set of allowed values for one or more attributes. A domain defines the kind of data represented by an attribute.

5. Key :- Key plays an important role in relational database; it is used for identifying unique rows from table. It also establishes relationship among tables.

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What is DBMS (Database Management system)?

DBMS stands for Database Management System. 

Database is a collection of data and Management System is a set of programs to store and retrieve those data. 

DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store & access those data in an easy and effective manner. The data stores in database in two different ways. 

They are:- 

1. Flat file database 

2. Relational database 

A flat file database stores data in a single table structure. A relational database uses multiple table structures, cross-referencing records between tables.

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What is Database and advantages of Database?

 A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. For example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information stored in the table. The some common advantages of database are:-

1. Ability to store large amounts of information:-

This ability is essential for large companies with a large number of customers and this volume of information must be handled very precisely.

2. Sharing information:-

Databases allow users to share common information. Therefore, if you have a business with different company locations you can share your data at same time with the different business locations.

3. Having quick access to information:-

The information is obtained quickly and easily, which greatly facilitates the work and allows you having better customer service.

4. Easy maintenance:-

As the information is digitized it is easier and economical to carry out any maintenance.

5. Information Security:-

A database can have several parts depending on users. You can limit certain access to certain parts of the data for certain users. That way the security and confidentiality of data will be guaranteed and secured.

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What is Data and Information?

Data is the raw material that can be processed by any computing machine. When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are called information. 

Information provides context for data. Data is a individual unit which contains raw material and doesn't carry any meaning. Information is the product and group of data which collectively carry a logical meaning.

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What is Macro and how to Create (record) a Macro and run a Macro in Excel?

A macro is an action or a set of actions that we can run as many times as we want. When we create a macro, we are recording our mouse clicks and keystrokes. If we have tasks in Microsoft Excel that we do repeatedly, we can record a macro to automate those tasks.

To Record a macro in MS Excel, do the following:- 

1. Open the spreadsheet.

2. Go to the “View” tab of the ribbon and click the tiny arrow below the “Macros” button under the Macros group. 

3. Then click “Record Macro" 

4. Type in the name of your macro and click “OK” to start the recording. The macro will be created. 

5. When you’re done, go to the “View” tab, click the tiny arrow below the “Record Macro” button again and select “Stop recording”.

To Run a Macro in MS Excel 

Once created, we need to run the macro. A list of macros can be accessed from the View tab. To view this list, do the following:- 

1. Select the View tab 

2. Click the button labelled Macros to bring up the Macro list 

3. Select the macro you want to run from the list, then click the Run button. You can also show the Macro List at any time by pressing ALT+F8.

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What is Hyperlink and write the Procedure to create Hyperlink in MS-excel with Example.

 A hyperlink is text or an image within a file on your computer that you can click on that gives access to another document or image. Words on a website that are underlined and highlighted in blue and that you can click on in order to open a new web page are an example of a hyperlink.

We can use hyperlinks in spreadsheet too for the following:- 

1. Hyperlinks to websites 

2. Hyperlinks to an existing document 

3. Hyperlink to a new document 

1. Creating a Hyperlinks to websites:- we can create hyperlinks to websites for additional references, important email address etc. 

To create a hyperlink to a website, do the following steps:- 

1. Open a new worksheet in spreadsheet software. 

2. Place the cursor where we want the hyperlink to be displayed. Eg Cell A1 

3. Type the URL. Eg:- www.ecomputerconcepts.com 

4. The hyperlink automatically created and displayed. 

We can also modify and replace the hyperlink text.

2. Creating a hyperlink to an existing document (this sheet):- we can create hyperlink to documents available on the computer or another computer in our network. To create a hyperlink to a document, do the following steps:- 

1. Open a new blank worksheet. 

2. Place the cursor where we want the hyperlink to be displayed. Eg Cell A1 

3. Select the Insert Menu. 

4. Select the hyperlink option under insert menu. 

5. Select document option in the left pane under the hyperlink dialog box. 

6 click the folder icon, browse and select file and click open button. 

7 click apply and close button. Notice the hyperlink is created now click this link open this document.

3. Creating a hyperlink to a new document (external data):- This is useful when we want to create the document after the hyperlink. To create a hyperlink to a new document, do the following steps:- 

1. Open a new blank worksheet. 

2. Place the cursor where we want the hyperlink to be displayed. Eg Cell A1 

3. Select the Insert Menu. 

4. Select the hyperlink option under insert menu. 

5. Select New Document option in the left pane under the hyperlink dialog box. 

6. If we create a presentation and also embed a link to the presentation. 

7. Click the apply and close button. Notice the presentation is created and launched a new window for further editing.

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What is Scenario and how to use Scenario in MS Excel?

A Scenario is a set of values that Excel saves and can substitute automatically in cells on a worksheet. You can create and save different groups of values on a worksheet and then switch to any of these new scenarios to view different results.

To use Scenario in MS Excel, do the following:- 

1. On the Data tab, in the Forecast group, click What-If Analysis. 

2. Click Scenario Manager. The Scenario Manager Dialog box appears. 

3. Add a scenario by clicking on Add button. The add scenario dialog box appears. 

4. Type a name of scenario and select Changing cells (A4 :A8) and click on OK. 

5. Enter the corresponding value and click on OK again. Finally, your Scenario Manager should be consistent in scenario dialog box. 

6. If we see the result of a scenario, select the scenario and click on the Show button. Excel will change the value of cell A4: A8) accordingly for you to see the corresponding result on the sheet.

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What is Goal Seek Option and how to use Goal Seek option in MS Excel?

Goal Seek is a process of calculating a value by performing what-if analysis on a given set of values. For our purposes, Excel's Goal Seek feature lets you adjust a value used in a formula to achieve a specific goal. Or, put another way, Goal Seek determines input values needed to achieve a specific goal.

Use Goal Seek in MS Excel, do the following:-

1. Open the blank spreadsheet and enter some data and calculate the result. 

2. Put the cursor on the cell that contains the output you want to change. 

3. On the Data ribbon, select What-if-analysis, then select Goal Seek. 

4. When the dialog box appears make “Set cell” eg. (A10) 

5. Set “To value” equal to the output you want to achieve (type the number in) 

6. Set “By changing cell” equal to the assumption you want to solve for eg. cell E4 

7. Press OK.

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What is Subtotals Function and How to Creating Subtotals in MS Excel?

The Microsoft Excel SUBTOTAL function returns the subtotal of the numbers in a column in a list or database. The SUBTOTAL function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a Math/Trig Function. 

It can be used as a worksheet function in Excel. The Subtotal command allows you to automatically create groups and use common functions like SUM, COUNT, and AVERAGE to help summarize your data.

To create a subtotal, do the following:- 

1. First, sort your worksheet by the data you want to subtotal. 

2. Select the Data tab, then click the Subtotal command. 

3. The Subtotal dialog box will appear. 

4. Click the drop-down arrow for the Use function: field to select the function you want to use. Eg. Sum, count etc. 

5. When we're satisfied with your selections, click OK. When we create subtotals, our worksheet it is divided into different levels.

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What is data Consolidation and how to Consolidating Data in MS Excel?

Data Consolidation allows you to gather together your data from separate worksheets into a master worksheet. In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes data from a series of worksheets or workbooks and summaries it into a single worksheet that we can update easily.

To Use Consolidate function, do the following:- 

1. Open all workbooks or sheets we want to consolidate. Ensure the data is organized in the same way 

2. Open a blank workbook. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click Consolidate 

3. Choose the Sum function to sum the data. 

4. Click in the Reference box, select the range eg A1:E4 in the first workbook, and click Add. 

5. Repeat step 4 for the next workbooks. 

6. Check Top row, Left column and Create links to source data. 

7. Click OK. This adds the consolidated data to the blank spreadsheet or workbook.

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What is Formula and how to enter formula in MS Excel?

 A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. MS Excel to recognize a formula, it must start with the equal sign (=). 

To enter a formula, do the following:- 

1. Select a cell. 

2. Type the equal sign =. 

Note: Formulas in Excel always begin with the equal sign.

 3. Select a cell or type its address in the selected cell. 

4. Enter an operator. Eg (+,-,/,* etc). 

5. Select the next cell, or type its address in the selected cell. 

6. Press Enter.

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What is Password Protection and how to use it MS Excel?

To prevent others from accessing data in your Excel files, protect your Excel file with a password. It allows only those with an authorized password to gain access to certain information. 

To Use password protection, do the following:- 

1. Select File Menu and select option Info. 

2. Select the Protect Workbook box and choose Encrypt with Password. 

3. Enter a password in the Password box, and then select OK. 

4. Confirm the password in the Reenter Password box, and then select OK.

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