How to Sorting and Filtering data in MS Excel?

1. Sorting Data:- 

Sorting data in MS Excel rearranges the rows based on the contents of a particular column. We may want to sort a table to put names in alphabetical order. Or, maybe we want to sort data by Amount from smallest to largest or largest to smallest. Select the Column by which you want to sort data. 

1. Select a cell in the column we want to sort (a column with numbers). 

2. Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab. 

3. Select From Smallest to Largest. Now the information is organized from the smallest to largest amount. 

2. Filtering Data:-

 Filtering is a quick and efficient method where we display only that data that meets a given criteria. Ms excel uses two types of filtering methods, that is, Auto filter and Advanced filter. 

1. Select the Data tab, then click the Filter command. A drop-down arrow will appear in the header cell for each column. 

2. Click the drop-down arrow for the column you want to filter. 

3. The Filter menu will appear. 

4. When you're done, click OK. 

5. The worksheet will be filtered according to your search term.

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What are the applications of Spreadsheet?

 A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Today, Microsoft Excel is the most popular and widely used spreadsheet program, but there are also many alternatives. The various application used to create a spreadsheet. 

1. Google Sheets - (online and free). 

2. Libre Office 

3. Lotus 1-2-3 

4. Microsoft Excel. 

5. OpenOffice

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Explain the basic Microsoft Excel terminology.

 Workbook — A workbook is the name given to an Excel file and contains one or more worksheets. Although you're limited to 255 sheets in a new workbook, Excel doesn't limit how many worksheets you can add after you've created a workbook. 

• Worksheet — A Worksheet is a collection of cells organized in rows and columns. A worksheet or sheet is a single page in a file created with an electronic spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets. 

• Cell — A cell is a rectangle or block housed in a worksheet. Any data that you want to enter into your worksheet must be placed in a cell. An Active Cell is one that is currently opened for editing. 

• Columns and Rows — Columns and Rows refer to how your cells are aligned. Columns are aligned vertically while rows are aligned horizontally. 

• Ribbon — Above the workbook is a section of command tabs called the Ribbon. A multitude of options are found behind each tab of the ribbon 

• Cell Reference — A cell reference is a set of coordinates that identifies a specific cell. It's a combination of letters and numbers. A5, for example, would point to the cell located where column A and row 5 intersect. 

• Cell Range — A Cell range is a collection of cells that have been identified as a group based on a variety of criteria. By using a colon (:) between cell references. for example, A1:C1.

Merged Cell — When two or more cells are combined, it's become what is known as a merged cell. 

• Formula — A sequence inside a cell that is used to produce a value. It must begin with an equal (=) sign. This could be a mathematical equation, cell references, functions or operator. A formula is also known as an expression. 

• Formula Bar — The Formula Bar will display the contents of an active cell. In the case of formulas, the formula bar will display all components of the formula. Function — Functions are formulas that are pre-built into Excel. They are designed to help simplify potentially complex formulas in a worksheet.

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What is spreadsheet?

 A spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made of rows and columns that help sort data, arrange data easily, and calculate numerical data. The three most common general uses for spreadsheet software are to create budgets, produce graphs and charts, and for storing and sorting data. Microsoft Excel, a program in which you enter data into columns, is an example of a spreadsheet program.

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What is table of contents and how to create a table of contents in Microsoft Word?

The table of contents is an organized listing of your document's chapters, sections and, often, figures, clearly labelled by page number. Readers should be able to look at your table of contents page and understand immediately how your paper is organized, enabling them to skip to any relevant section or sub-section.

To create a table of contents in Microsoft Word, do the following:- 

1. Apply the built-in Heading styles to the headings in your text. 

2. In Word word click the Reference Tab. 

3. Click on the Table of Contents Tab drop down arrow under the table of contents group. 

4. Select any built in table of contents. This will automatically apply in our documents.

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Explain the procedure to open or use the Pre-defined templates in word processing.

The templates stores the information about your margins, styles, etc. so provides consistency across documents. 

To open or use one of the Predefined templates in Word, do the following:- 

1. Open Microsoft Word and select New. 

2. The New option shows use the Suggested Search templates categories: Business, Personal, Industry, Design Sets, Events, Education, or Letters. For Example select the business template. 

3. Word displays a message that says, “Searching thousands of online templates.” 

4. Scroll down the page or choose a different category, then select a template that fits your current project.

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What is Templates and how to create a template in your document?

The term template, when used in the context of word processing software, refers to a sample "fill-in-the-blank" document that can be completed either by hand or through an automated iterative process, such as a with a wizard.

A template is a file that serves as a starting point for a new document. When you open a template, it is pre-formatted in some way. For example, you might use template in Microsoft Word that is formatted as a business letter.

Create a template based on an existing template or document 

1. Click the File tab, and then click New. 

2. Under Available templates, click New from existing. 

3. Click a template or a document that is similar to the one that you want to create, and then click Create New. Now we can make our templates flexible by adding and configuring content controls, such as rich text controls, pictures, drop-down lists, or date pickers. In Microsoft Word, you can create a template by saving a document as a .dotx file, .dot file, or a .dotm file.

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How to Grouping and Ungrouping drawing objects?

You can group shapes, pictures, or other objects (but not text boxes). Grouping lets you rotate, flip, move, or resize all shapes or objects at the same time as though they were a single shape or object. You can also change the attributes of all of the shapes in a group at one time, such as adding a shape fill or effect, or an effect to a picture. You can ungroup a group of shapes at any time and then regroup them later.

To group objects, do the following:- 

1. Hold the Shift (or Ctrl) key and click the objects you want to group. Selecting multiple objects. 

2. From the Format tab, click the Group command and select Group. Grouping objects. 

3. The selected objects will now be grouped. 

To Ungroup objects, do the following:- 

1. Select the group that you want to ungroup. 

2. To ungroup pictures, on the Picture Tools Format tab, click Group > Ungroup 

3. The selected objects will now be Ungrouped.

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How to Modify, resize, crop and delete an images?

 1. Modify (Format) a picture or drawing object:- 

To Modify the images in word processing, do the following:- 

1. Select the picture or drawing object you want to edit. 

2. Click the editing option you would like to use on the Picture toolbar or the Drawing toolbar. 

3. On the Format menu, click Picture or AutoShape. Then, enter your settings in the dialog box. 

2. Resizing an image:- The inserted image might not fit perfectly into the document if it is too big or too small. In these cases you can resize the image. 

1. Click the picture, if necessary, to show the green resizing handles. 

2. Position the pointer over one of the green resizing handles. The pointer changes shape giving a graphical representation of the direction of the resizing. 

3. Click and drag to resize the picture. 

4. Release the mouse button when satisfied with the new size. The corner handles resize both the width and the height of the graphic object simultaneously. 

3.To crop an image:- The Crop tool allows you to select an area of an image and discard everything outside this area. To crop an image, do the following:- 

1. Select the Crop tool in the Tools panel. A crop border appears. 

2. Drag any edge or corner to adjust the size and shape of the crop border. 

3. Drag inside the crop border to position the image inside the crop border. 

4. Drag outside a corner of the crop border to rotate or straighten. 

5. Click the check mark in the options bar or press Enter (Windows) or Return (macOS) to complete the crop. 

4. Deleting a picture:- To delete a picture, do the following:- 

1. Click on the picture, if necessary, to show the green resizing handles. 

2. Press Delete

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What is images or Picture and write the procedure to insert an image to document?

 A picture, also called an image, is a group of colored points on a flat surface that looks the same as something else. For example, a picture can look the same as an object or a person. Pictures can also be drawings, paintings or photographs. People who make such pictures are called artists, photographers or painters.

To insert a picture from a file, do the following: 

1. Place your insertion point where you want the image to appear. 

2. Select the Insert tab.

3. Click the Picture command in the Illustrations group. The Insert Picture dialog box appears. 

4. Select the desired image file, then click Insert to add it to your document.

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How to apply Styles in your documents. (Using Fill Format mode)

The sixth icon at the top of the Styles and Formatting window activates the Fill Format mode. This method is useful for formatting many scattered paragraphs, words, or other items with the same style, and it may be easier to use than making multiple selections first and then applying a style to all of them.

1) Open the Styles and Formatting window (Figure 1) and select a style.

2) Click the Fill Format Mode icon.

3) To apply a paragraph, page, or frame style, hover the mouse over the paragraph, page, or frame and click. To apply a character style, hold down the mouse button while selecting the characters. Clicking on a word applies the character style for that word.

4) To quit the Fill Format mode, click the icon again or press the Esc key.

5) Applying styles.

6) Styles can be applied easily by means of the Styles and Formatting window. However, alternative ways exist to apply certain styles.

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What is Styles and Formatting window?

Styles are available through a floating or dock able window called Styles and Formatting. This window is at the center of styles management.

To open the Styles and Formatting window, do any one of the following:

• Click on the style and formatting icon located at the left-hand end of the Formatting toolbar.

• Select Format Menu and select the option Styles and Formatting.

• Press F11.

You can move the Styles and Formatting window to a convenient position on the screen or dock it to an edge.

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Explain the Font size, Style and face in word processing.

Font size:- The term “font” refers to the general shape of a character. Font sizes are measured in points; 1 point (abbreviated pt) is equal to 1/72 of an inch. The point size refers to the height of a character. 

Font Style:- The most common font styles are Regular, Italic, Bold, and BoldItalic. This is not the limit, however, and not every font will include these four. 

Font Face:- Microsoft Word comes with the default font face set to Calibri, a Microsoft specific font face. Changing the default to a more common font face, Arial for example, will ensure that your document displays properly for everyone who views it.

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What is password protection and how to set password in your document?

Password protection is a security process that protects information accessible via computers that needs to be protected from certain users. Password protection allows only those with an authorized password to gain access to certain information.

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What is word Wrap and how to use word wrap in your documents?

Word wrap is a word processing feature that forces all text to be confined within defined margins. When a line of text is filled, the word processor automatically moves the text to the next line, so the user doesn't have to press the return key after every line.

The various word wrap options include:- 1. Square 2. Tight 3. Through 4. Top and Buttom 5. Behind text 6. In fornt of text 7. Inline with text

To Use word wrap option, do the following:- 1. Select the image you want to wrap text around. The Format tab will appear on the right side of the Ribbon. ... 2. On the Format tab, click the Wrap Text command in the Arrange group. ... 3. Over the mouse on various text-wrapping options. 4. The text will wrap around the image.

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Explain the types of Word Processing Packages.

 A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it. The various Word processing packages are:- 

1. Microsoft Word:- Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a Graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.

2.Microsoft Works:- Microsoft Works includes a spreadsheet program, a calendar and a database. Documents created in the Works word processor can open and be edited in Microsoft Word. 

3.OpenOffice:- The OpenOffice suite includes a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program, database and graphics editor. 4.Corel WordPerfect:- WordPerfect suite contains several software programs essential for business and home users. The suite comes with the WordPerfect word processor, spreadsheet program, Corel Presentations and WordPerfect Mail.

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What is Libreoffice?

Libre Office is a free and open-source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation. The Libre Office suite consists of programs for word processing, creating and editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working with databases, and composing mathematical formulas. Tens of millions of people around the world use Libre Office every day, in homes, businesses, charities and government departments.

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How to Protecting your Data in Computer?

 To protect our data from theft and viruses we can take the following actions:-

(a) Use passwords to login to your computer

(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall

(c) Encrypt Data

(d) Secure sites

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What is Threats of Computer?

 Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer without our knowing.

(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware.

These maybe of two types:

(a) Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.

(b) Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity. Using this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or perform illegal activity.

(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or steal the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and Trojan horse.

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What is Computer Security and Privacy?

Computer security and privacy deals with the measures used to prevent loss of data. Security break is leakage of information stored in a computer.

Personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:

1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet. For example, we share our account details and password on unsecure sites.

2. A person gets unauthorized access to our computer. This can happen in the

Office, if we leave are computer without logging out.

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What is the importance of Backup Your Data?

Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another device, such as CD/DVD drives or hard disk. Data can recovered from here in case the computer stops working completely. 

Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and natural disasters, such as floods can happen. So, it is important for companies, hospitals, banks, etc., to keep their information safe — so that their business can continue to function smoothly and their customers do not face problems.

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What is Folder?

Folder is a location where a group of files can be stored. For example, we can create a folder where all the files for all the other documents can be stored.

To create a folder, do the following steps:-

(a) Choose a location where the folder has to be created for example ‘Desktop’.

(b) Right-click and then choose the ‘New Folder’.

(c) Type the name of the folder as ‘Demo’.

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What is File?

All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different types of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file type. The file name and file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’. 

File Extensions:- 

Paint = .bmp (bitmap images) 

Notepad = .txt (text file) 

Wordpad = .rtf (rich text file) 

MS-Word = .doc or .docx (document) 

Ms-Excel = .xls or .xlsx (spreadsheet) 

Ms-Pawerpoint = .ppt or .pptx (presentation) 

Ms-Database= .mdb or .db (database)

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How to start and shut down a computer?

To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating system and display the desktop or the main screen on the monitor.

You can shut down the computer by clicking Systems button at the top right and then click Shut Down. When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the applications and turn off the computer.

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What is Hardware and Software?

A computer system consists of two main parts—

1 hardware

2 software.

The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery of a computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.

There is another important part i.e., the software. Though we cannot see it, it makes the hardware work the way we want.

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What is ICT?

ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICT refers to all the methods, tools, Concepts related to storing, recording and sending digital information. ICT devices are tablets, smartphones and laptops. ICT skills help us to communicate, run our business and stay connected with our family and friends.

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What is Grid Computing?

Grid Computing can be defined as a network of computers working together to perform a task that would rather be difficult for a single machine.

Grid computing is a group of networked computers which work together as a virtual supercomputer to perform large tasks, such as analyzing huge sets of data or weather modeling.

Grid computing can be of two types:-

1. Data Grid

2. CPU or Processor Grid

1 Data Grid :- It is used to manage large and distributed data having the required multi user

access.

2 Processor Grid :- CPU, where processing is moved from one PC to another as needed or a large task is divided into subtasks, and is allotted to various nodes for parallel processing.

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What is Cloud Computing and Services of Cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it. There are three main service models of cloud computing – Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

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Define Machine Learning.

Machine Learning the subset of AI, is also being deployed in all kinds of industries, creating a huge demand for skilled professionals. Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it to learn for themselves.

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What is Artificial intelligence (AI)?

 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a computer to do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require human intelligence and judgement.

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that highlight the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.” Artificial Intelligence (AI) system can also learn from past experiences or outcomes to make new decisions.

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How to Working with HTML Lists?

 HTML lists are used to present list of information in well-formed and semantic way. There are three different types of list in HTML and each one has a specific purpose and meaning.

1. Unordered list <ul>….</ul>

2. Ordered list <ol>……</ol>

3. Description list <dl>…..</dl>

1. HTML Unordered List :- An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag and each list item starts with the <li> element.. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

We can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc.

Following are the possible <ul> type options are −

<ul type = "square">

<ul type = "disc">

<ul type = "circle">

Example:-

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head><title>Use of Unordered list</title></head>

<body bgcolor="lightGreen" Text="Red">

<h2>Fruits Name</h2>

<ul type="square">

<li>Apple</li>

<li>Banana</li>

<li>Mango</li>

</ul>

<h2>Vagetables Name</h2>

<ul type="disc">

<li>Bringle</li>

<li>Ladyfinger</li>

<li>Potato</li>

</ul>

<h2>Books Name</h2>

<ul type="circle">

<li>ITeS</li>

<li>Hindi</li>

<li>English</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

2. HTML Ordered List :- If we are required to put our items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag and each list item starts with the <li> element.

We can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a number.

Following are the possible <ol> type options are:-

<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.

<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.

<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.

<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.

<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head><title>Use of ordered list elements</title></head>

<body>

<h2>Arts Subjects Name</h2>

<ol type="i">

<li>English</li>

<li>History</li>

<li>Pol Science</li>

</ol>

<h2>Commerce Subjects Name</h2>

<ol type="1">

<li>English</li>

<li>Accountancy</li>

<li>Business Studies</li>

</ol>

<h2>Science Subjects Name</h2>

<ol type="A">

<li>English</li>

<li>Chemistry</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

3. HTML Description Lists :- HTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list. This list is created without numbering and bulleted.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

1. <dl> − Defines the start of the list

2. <dt> − A term

3. <dd> − Term definition

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head><title>Use of Definition list elements</title></head>

<body>

<dl>

<h2><dt>List of Fruits</dt></h2>

<dd>Apple</dd>

<dd>Mango</dd>

<dd>Banana</dd>

<dd>Pinepple</dd>

</dl>

</body>

</html>

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What is HTML Text Formatting?

HTML Formatting is a process of formatting text for better look and feel. There are many formatting tags in HTML. These tags are used to make text bold, italicized, or underlined etc. These tags are used to provide the visual appearance to the text.

HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.

<b> - Bold text </b>

<strong> - Important text </strong>

<i> - Italic text </i>

<u> - Underlined text </u>

<mark> - Marked text <mark>

<small> - Smaller text <small>

<del> - Deleted text </del>

<ins> - Inserted text </ins>

_{- Subscript text}

^{- Superscript text}

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How to add paragraph in HTML?

 A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph. The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

Example :-

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Using HTML Heading</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>This is a paragraph 1.</p>

<p>This is a paragraph. 2</p>

</body>

</html>

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What are the HTML Headings ?

The heading tag is used in HTML to define headings of a page. HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example :

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Using HTML Heading</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

<h2>This is heading 2</h2>

<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

<h4>This is heading 4</h4>

<h5>This is heading 5</h5>

<h6>This is heading 6</h6>

</body>

</html>

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What is an attribute?

 An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value.

1. The name is the property we want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.

2. The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.

For Example :-

This example shows bgcolor or text is the name of attribute and “green” or “Red” is

Example (Alignment Program)

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Attribute Example</title>

</head>

<body bgcolor=”green” text=”red”>

<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>

<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>

<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>

</body>

</html>

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What is an HTML Element and tag?

 An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document. It represents semantics, or meaning. An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag. For Example:-

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

There are two types of tags are used in HTML. They are:

1. Container tag

2. Empty Tag

1 Container Tag:- The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag, these tags are called container tag. For Example:-

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

2 Empty Tag :- Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Answer:- An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value.

1. The name is the property we want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.

2. The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.

For Example :-

This example shows bgcolor or text is the name of attribute and “green” or “Red” is

Example (Alignment Program)

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Attribute Example</title>

</head>

<body bgcolor=”green” text=”red”>

<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>

<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>

<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>

</body>

</html>

the value of attribute of <body>element.

For Example: <BR>, <Img>,<input>,<linl> <frame> Etc.

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What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML

4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.

1. Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.

2. As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means we use HTML to simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.

A Simple HTML Document Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

This is my first program in HTML

</body>

</html>

Example Explained

1. The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly. It must only appear once, at the top of the page. The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.

2. The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page

3. The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page

4. The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)

5. The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.

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What is Python?

Python is a very popular general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming language. Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Characteristics of Python:

Following are important characteristics of Python Programming −

• It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large applications.
• It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
• It supports automatic garbage collection.
• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Applications of Python

The latest release of Python is 3.x. As mentioned before, Python is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to list few of them here:

• Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
• Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
• Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
• A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
• Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
• Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all platforms.
• Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
• Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
• GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
• Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.

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What is Releasing Software?

What is Releasing Software?

Answer:- A release is the distribution of the final version of an application. A software release may be either public or private and generally constitutes the initial generation of a new or upgraded application. A release is preceded by the distribution of alpha and then beta versions of the software.

1. Alpha Version :- This alpha version is released only to a very small group(usually the developers) as it is quite unstable and buggy in most cases of software. If a release is an open one then it is released publically. When the alpha version of the software gets all the features which was planned, it then enters the beta stage.

2. Beta Version :- The beta software contains bugs which are either known or unknown. It is released to a further bigger audience for testing. Some firmware’s release it publically for users to test and send reports on the bugs they encounter.

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What is Software Testing and explain the different types of Software Testing?

Software Testing is a method to check whether the actual software product matches expected requirements. The purpose of software testing is to identify errors, gaps or missing requirements in contrast to actual requirements.

Software testing is generally classified into two main broad categories:

1. Functional testing

2. Non-functional testing.

1. Functional Testing:- Functional testing involves the testing of the functional aspects of a software application. When you’re performing functional tests, you have to test each and every functionality. You need to see whether you’re getting the desired results or not.

2. Non-functional Testing:- Non-functional testing is the testing of non-functional aspects of an application, such as performance, reliability, usability, security, and so on. Non-functional tests are performed after the functional tests.

Some common types of functional and non-functional testing are:-

1. Unit Testing:- Testing each component or module of your software project is known as unit testing. To perform this kind of testing, knowledge of programming is necessary. So only programmers do this kind of tests, not testers.

2. End-to-end Testing:- End-to-end testing is the functional testing of the entire software system. When you test the complete software system, such testing is called end-to-end testing.

3. Browser compatibility testing:- As the name says, browser compatibility testing checks a web application for browser compatibility. More specifically, it is tested whether the web app can easily be accessed from all versions of the major web browsers.

4. Reliability testing:- Reliability testing is a type of software testing that verifies if the software is reliable or not. In other words, it checks whether the software runs error-free and that one can rely on it.

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What is Managing (Management) Information System (MIS) and objective of MIS?

A management information system (MIS) is a computer system consisting of hardware and software that serves as the backbone of an organization's operations. An MIS gathers data from multiple online systems, analyzes the information, and reports data to aid in management decision-making.

MIS has five major objectives which include:-

1. Data Capturing:- MIS capture data from various internal and external sources of the organization. Data capturing may be manual or through computer terminals.

2. Processing of Data:- The captured data is processed to convert into the required information. Processing of data is done by such activities as calculating, sorting, classifying, and summarizing.

3. Storage of Information:- MIS stores the processed or unprocessed data for future use. If any information is not immediately required, it is saved as an organization record, for later use.

4. Retrieval of Information:- MIS retrieves information from its stores as and when required by various users.

5. Dissemination (Spreading or Publicity) of Information:- Information, which is a finished product of MIS, is disseminated to the users in the organization. It is periodic or online through a computer terminal.

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What are the different phases of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

SDLC is a systematic process for building software that ensures the quality and correctness of the software built. Each phase produces deliverables required by the next phase in the life cycle.

There are following six phases in every Software development life cycle model:

1. Requirement gathering and analysis

2. Design

3. Implementation or coding

4. Testing

5. Deployment

6. Maintenance

1) Requirement gathering and analysis: Business requirements are gathered in this phase. This phase is the main focus of the project managers and stake holders. Meetings with managers, stake holders and users are held in order to determine the requirements like:-

1. Who is going to use the system?

2. What data should be input into the system?

3. What data should be output by the system?

These are general questions that get answered during a requirements gathering phase.

2) Design: In this phase the system and software design is prepared from the requirement specifications phase. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model.

3) Implementation / Coding: On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. Since, in this phase the code is produced so it is the main focus for the developer. This is the longest phase of the software development life cycle.

4) Testing: After the code is developed it is tested against the requirements to make sure that the product is actually solving the needs addressed and gathered during the requirements phase. During this phase all types of functional testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing are done as well as non-functional testing are also done.

5) Deployment: After successful testing the product is delivered / deployed to the customer for their use. As soon as the product is given to the customers they will first do the beta testing. If any changes are required or if any bugs are caught, then they will report it to the engineering team. Once those changes are made or the bugs are fixed then the final deployment will happen.

6) Maintenance: Once when the customers starts using the developed system then the actual problems comes up and needs to be solved from time to time. This process where the care is taken for the developed product is known as maintenance.

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What is Software Engineering ?

Software engineering is defined as a process of analyzing user requirements and then designing, building, and testing software application which will satisfy those requirements. It helps you to obtain, economically, software which is reliable and works efficiently on the real machines.

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What is Communication?

Communication is a two-way process through which information or message is exchanged between individuals or group using language, symbols, signs or behavior. Speaking, listening, reading and writing are the parts of communication, which he
lp us to understand others.

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Identify green jobs in various industries and sectors.

 The various industries and sectors we can use green job. Some common industries and sectors are:-

1. Green jobs in agriculture:- Organic gardening and farming is the process by which we

can grow plants and crops in an environment friendly way. By using organic methods of gardening, one can prevent death of insects, birds, critters and other beneficial soil organisms. Organic fruits and vegetables are free from chemical residues of synthetic fertilizers, and hence, are good for our health.

2. Green jobs in transportation:- Use of energy-efficient vehicles and alternate fuels like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) can help minimize greenhouse gas emissions.

3. Green jobs in solar and wind energy:- Solar and wind power plants provide clean energy. A Solar Photovoltaic Installer installs and maintains solar panels in homes, businesses or land. A solar lighting technician assembles, tests and repairs different types of solar photovoltaic home lighting system and streetlights.

4. Green jobs in appropriate technology:- Appropriate technology is small-scale technology that is environment friendly and suited to local needs. Examples of appropriate technology are bike-powered or hand-powered water pumps, solar lamps in streetlights, solar buildings, etc.

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What is Green Job and benefits of green job?

Green jobs help protect and restore the environment. Green jobs could be in any sector or industry — traditional sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, and new sectors, such as renewable energy.

Benefits of green jobs

The greening of economy presents a major opportunity to start new businesses, develop new markets and lower energy costs. Green jobsthat contribute to protecting the environment and reducing carbon footprint are becoming a key economic driver of the twenty-first century. Green jobs help:

1. Increase the efficiency of energy and raw material.

2. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

3. Control waste and pollution.

4. Protect and restore ecosystems.

5. Support adaptation to the effects of climate change.

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